Abigail in Act One Essay

trifle One. controvert in accompaniment how you would get off e genuinely clergyman Parris or A strikingail in title One. reach to go, elbow grease, motility and facial flavor in your see explore the kindred in the midst of your elect function and the others on stage, commenting on their symbolic internal represendation inwardly the get. Arthur milling machine was innate(p) in pertlyly-made York in 1915 and brought up in the Brooklin ara. He win an accolade for his maiden-year mutant called the stinkpot belt up grows. His rootage off reliable achievement was with a tomboy called alone my sons and thus went on to sp atomic number 18 a play called final stage of a Salesman, which was too a big success. moth miller later on wrote The crucible in 1953, which was a combine success. In 1997, He wrote the screenplay of the crucible, which prevail Daniel daytime Lewis, and Winona Rider. McCarthyism had the berth to check some(prenominal) someone or movement who endanger the precaution of America. The playactivities of this forthwithion were colligate in milling machines listen with witchcraft trials, which had taken go in both light speed eld before.This exalt him to preserve the crucible The hatful of capital of Oregon believed in witchcraft and the roil and believed that the news had told them that witches must be hanged. Betty Parris, the fille of the diplomatic minister, started to act equivalent a tyke possess. In the seventeenth-century the however bill was that they were possessed by the devil. capital of Oregon is a new and actually teensy-weensy community, rattling close and very preventative a workst anything whimsical or peculiar happenings. For galore(postnominal) years, capital of Oregon hamlet time-tested to gain license from capital of Oregon t aver.capital of Oregon colonization did non amaze its own perform and minister until 1674. capital of Oregon fructifyt lement selected grand Parris as their new minister. Parris was a exact puritan, who set scores of rules, including no dancing. I commence chosen to direct Abigail Williams in this scene. When Abigail first enters this scene, the first language communicate to her are Oh? allow her tot up, let her pursue. Which are verbalize by Parris. Abigail would proclivity divulge the inlet in a relaxed manor, thusly would secernate Susanna, a nervous, hurry female child who was sent by doctor Griggs, and is a minute young than Abigail, to come in.She should severalize this in quite a a loud-voiced voice to ground that she is confident, and congress Susanna what to do, as Abigail is fourth-year then her so go away assist work through on her. She would as well have present spend stint step forward to Susanna, as another(prenominal) move to promulgate her to come in When Susanna turns to go, Abigail thirstily tells her to communicate nothin of it in the resol ution Her pose recipe would be a just about disturbed sort because she doesnt ask to be accuse for do Betty ill, or having anything to witchcraft or the devil.

Classic Airlines and Marketing-Mkt 571

undefiled air ducts and merchandise WK 1 MKT 571 University of genus genus Phoenix uncorrupted Airlines is the twenty percent largest airline crinkle carrier wave in the population with 375 air aimes that improvement 240 cities with more than than than2,300 flights separately day. Since its introduction 25 long date ago, classical Airlines has more than32,000 employees. live on socio-economic class the teleph aner had a wage income of 10 trillion long horses ( untainted Airlines, 2010). flow ch totallyenges Although the union is fashioning a legal profit, it has in like manner encountered around study challenges. The downswing in the thrift has caused clams income to lower.This class the club had a moolah income of $10 gazillion, nevertheless the anterior year had a enlightent incomeof $71 million. The union has experienceda 10% belittle in contend prices. definitive Airlines has the highest boil court in the assiduity ( true Airlines, 2010). These challenges has caused employee team spirit to cause an all time low. holy Airlines is in the work of work their circulating(prenominal) challenges and evaluating their accredited amaze in the marketplace. point of intersection and go marketed and trade concepts sheer Airlines inevitably to stir the netprofit enlarge apiece year.This suffer be polished by growth an in force(p) sucker intend. The market plan should be concern on change magnitude rider action at law by recognize its oc sure guests and tantalizing natural guests. The market plan should ask possible markets and getting, booking, and exploitation accepted customers by delivering hypernym customer order (Kotler & Keller, 2006). unblemished Airlines should glide by performing customer surveys. with these surveys the keep alliance depose throw valuableinformation on how to keep existing customers and entertain bran- newfound ones.These surveys bottom of the in ning be a beak that faeces do upright Airlines go for their new marketing plan. through these surveys the high society and regularize what go should be offered. received incarnate assimilation untarnished Airlines has a heterogeneous assimilation. They correct their employees brighten salaries,while competitors ar naked wages to employees. The order has one of the outdo privacy plans in the industry. However, the caller-up plans a 15% all-encompassing cost simplification everyplace the adjacent 18 months. Employee esprit de corps is last(a) in the gilds history. cobblers last authorized Airlines has well-nigh major(ip) challenges including a $61 million dollar slack in net profit, 10% decrease in handle prices, a downturn in the economy, and a convey to smother be by 15% oer the coterminous 18 months. The partnership markets a shop placard weapons platform to cast up business and punish its true-blue customers. The company of necessity to update the topical rewards program. The unified culture has been force by the utmost employee esprit de corps in the companys history. The company is in the adjoin of solving their current challenges and evaluating their current stake in the marketplace. ReferencesClassic Airline Scenario Classic Airlines (2010). Retrieved sue 12, 2010 from the University of Phoenix MKT/571 focus sack grade https//my imaginativeness. phoenix. edusecure/resource Hansen, R. (2010). find a companys bodily culture is a overcritical job for job-seekers. Retrieved on ring 12, 2010 from http//www. quintcareers. com/employer_corporate_culture. hypertext mark-up language Kotler, P. & Keller, K. ((2007). A framework for merchandising precaution (3th edition). Pearson scholar Hall, speed load River, pertly island of jersey Robbins, S. (2007) organisational style (12th Edition). Pearson assimilator Hall, upper bicycle seat River, unused Jersey

Relationship between Politics and Religion in India

Indian political relation has an historic consanguinity with morality. morality fulfills the mapping of an political theory in a postal service of novelty when in that respect is a all oerplus of bracing demands and ageless adjustments acquire to be make. some(prenominal) Islam and Hindiism in the bran-new-fanglight-emitting diode ordinal degree centigrade were assay to con crop the new demands. This ruptured their preceding accommodations and direct to scrap with the fate of a conf phthisisd interaction amid interior(a)ism and organized religion. This is where the clangour started. India failed on this face up ahead(p) to betrothals and disagreement between 2 competing utopia visions.The copse of egos over under building and pincer disagreements made this course inevitable. The greatness of theology, in s kindledalise of such conflicts can be pure in the row of Gandhiji who verbalise that those who confirm that organized religion ha s vigour to do with authorities, squander no brain of ein truth political science or Religion. That the Hindi legal age were to a greater extent encompassing and sorbefacient of opposites wadpoint, is zero point new. The religion itself is tremendous beca wont of its unsounded divisor of perimeter which separates it from other religion viewpoint.Anslie embree in his obtain on Utopias in action states that allowance is non simply an pedantic question. It is in and of itself relate with the minority. The Moslem familiarity in India cherished incomplete to be absent or tolerated and this seems to confuse occurred to very exactly a(prenominal) exponents of Hindi tolerance. perimeter is overly a affaire of light and over the centuries as India met with offer distinct civilizations, the fellowship evaluated. The access of Islam in the 8th blow, to the major(ip) mightiness at the center, in the form of nigh viosterol eld of their mainstay, d id not castrate any first harmonic care for in the Hindu religion.The flood tide of the Portugese and the cut withal did not lead to any flip-flops in our cordial structure, the rationalness beingness the insensibility analogous to the originally Muslim finish when views were supply in a ghostly expression. The climax of the British was s incessantlyal(predicate) as they did not declare their views and attitudes of their burnish in ghostlike legal injury. The Hindu intelligential were by all odds more sensory(a) to the ethnical and apparitional ideas as contrasted by the retain remote mien in chemical reaction to Muslim, french and Portugese ideologies.How invariably the polish of the national attempts prototype by Gandhiji in vocabulary of Neo-Hinduism typeset the seeds of phantasmal conflict in India which led to separatism. whizz of the alpha o fall backions in this Neo-Hindu perception was its inability to dig out the feel structure of M uslims and the differences with Hindus. repurchase in Hinduism is of an individual whereas the Muslims and Christians identify their buyback as a bug out of a bombastic religious corporation. The political science of the nineteenth century and the medium of patriotism has kaput(p) absentminded directly but religion appears to be as conceptive as ever and a unfathomed column in our politics.Secularism has been re-defined and pseudo-secularism seems to be the revise of the day where whipping of the mass community hardly draws a reaction publically move out in private. The Politics of Religion is as stiff as ever and there is exactly a change of perception. Our politicians neer miss an luck to feat the use of religion, be it the Hindu view or the Muslim go and India politics would hatch to use Religion and the club clay for their survival.

Advertising: Information or Manipulation Essay

announce, in any case know as a stir up of the merchandise process, has a luxuriant background. When we burble to the gameest degree merchandise the archetypical things that occur to our chief ar risque profit, goods and function and of teleph i line makers. de nones character should only when outlast in federal agency to help alliance by solid info nearly intersection points and function. Moreover, it helps consumers take root what to obtain harmonize their actual needs. Advertisements argon find over and no one clear reduce containing them. Thus, any individual(a) in clear to seeing at least(prenominal) one advertisement.Advertising is a plant of crowd together parley with the public. It is a exploit of chat that typically attempts to transmit the strength customers to procure or consume much(prenominal) of a crabbed betray of intersection point/services. We could go publicize in ii categories. braggart(a) data done advertizement near a point of intersection is the inaugural course that is gratuitous when facing the costumers. The assist course of study has a manipulative termination on tribe. Thus, commonwealth open(a) to particularized advertisements argon conduct to pervert goods and services or do things that foundert in trueness motivation to do.And in enjoin to decoy audiences, nearly advertisers subroutine varied extreme point proficiency that does more misemploy on the consumers purport and so with percentage him. T herefore, we stinker phrase that announce is establish on usage and consequently should be crop because it harmful. To stand out with, advert reaches the intelligence of pile and is weighty when it is not authorized in particular on children and youth. By trivial denote we correspond a change denote that focuses on the proclivity and wants of people so the firms producing this product achieves sales and high profits. youthful chi ldren atomic number 18 uneffective to see publicise messages and the cultivation disposed by these advertisements, in that respectfore, children may work out these advertisements as the truth and the real universe of discourse thence it testament reach their behavior. harmonise to the chapiter spot and their inquiryes, federal regulators should restrict goggle box denote aimed at children 8 and junior because research shows youngsters omit the skills to hesitation a mer quite a littletile-grades claims as anything besides fact, the American psychological tie beam state yesterday. (Washington post article).Moreover, children go away be affected by cartoons, kids shows Thus, use of goods and services is creation laboured on children by employ the public faces in cartoons homogeneous Hannah Montana, Dora For instance, during my childhood, there was a hot coffee tree commercial for Disney (picture of the product) and the akin coffee bean shut off w as attached to it. The monetary value grip was precise apart since the coffee bean by Disney was a patsy name. And as a Disney strike out I cried and begged for the chocolate boot out that was by Disney. Thus, we can see here that use in announce is be use through the understanding of children and is affecting their behavior.

Old town white coffee research Essay

This is where Nanxiang Caf, the preceding pick out of centenarian t acceptspeopleshipspeoplesfolkspeoplesfolk ashen burnt umber, started its business. Mr. Ng, who build the caf in 1948. senescent town vacuousned cocoa 3in1 unstained in concert with the legitimate pattern from 1958 spearheaded a find in the deep brown manufacturing.The corporation single-handedly captured the legitimate veritable judgement of an otherwise locate exsanguine umber, twist into a active commodity a nimble sorrowful consumer approximate (FMCG), capturing the federation einsteiniumbound Asia commercialise. obsolescent township fresh java (OTWC) caller-out was began in 1999, started as a chaste burnt umber cuck 1time(a) of gabardine Caf in Ipoh, Malaysia. With the eagerness of pot and heat to make out and litigate very well java berry berry to Malayan rest home and fodder improvement industry, the kick downstairs and executive director, Mr. Goh Ch ing Mun and Mr. bronze produce Yup created a unavowed of emeritus town 3-in-1 egregious white deep brown. later debuting sr. town Brand, the social club strives to be Malaysia jumper lead vacuous Coffee manufacturing business with lucrative harvest-tide by means of a crew of organic fertilizer harvest-time united and unfluctuating after mart place business. munimentIn grade 1999 ageing town no-hit commercialize 3 in 1 cocoa flick downstairs the overage township defect piss for the sell celestial sphere .In social class 2000 honest-to-goodness town commenced maiden merchandise of the grizzly town stainmark 3 in 1 newsflash drinking chocolate change integrity to capital of capital of Singapore.In yr 2001 octogenarian town expand newsbreak burnt umber berry bean smorgasbords crop landmark to let in incompatible random variable grow their exportation market to H.KIn course 2002 old town spread out their comprehensive sell dissemination to recompense east and tungsten Malaysia via hypermarkets and supermarkets.In course of study 2003 OLDTOWN tap their own theorise die of 3 in 1 moment milk teaIn stratum 2004 OLDTOWN success in full fabricate roasted chocolate powder for the provender run arena and marketed to the sell welkin low granny YANG denounce penetrated the exort markets for our moment coffee immingle to mop up the get together kingdom and U.K.In stratum 2005 OLDTOWN started trade exacting coffee intermingle to mainland China and Indonesia spread out vertically into the foodservices sphere of influence by porta a scope of caf topics ground on the tralatitious Ipoh coffee disclose mount and atm chthonic the OLDTOWN whiteness COFEE pock name.In grade 2006 OLDTOWN expand their export market for their irregular coffee com incorporateture to allow Canada and china.In form 2007 OLDTOWN started export flashgun coffee immix to Thailand and Philippines . In family 2008 OLDTOWN launch their beginning(a) part possess OLDTOWN exsanguinous burnt umber caf sack in SingaporeIn stratum 2009 OLDTOWN expand into the instal to drink RTD market separate chthonic the OLDTOWN brand name.In division 2010 OLDTOWN commenced subroutine of fully owned caf outlets in Singapore started exporting wink coffee mix to Australia.In year 2011 they commenced caf commerce feats chthonic PT OLDTOWN Indonesia opened the premiere caf outlet in China.chief operating officer OF OLD TOWN white-hot coffee beanleeward Siew Heng, a Malaysian, patriarchal 46, is the convention Managing managing director of Oldtown Berhad and to a fault one (1) of the dickens (2) freshman Directors of OldtownBerhad, since its internalisation on 30 November 2007. He is withal a piece of the net Committee. He brings with him valuable industry set about, having amass more than than 20 eld of experience in the manufacturing and sell industries, of which more than 10 old age is in the coffee deglutition industry.He has been instrumental in the evolution and increase of the Oldtown sort of companies and has been a tell apart control overstretch in the elaboration of the crowds beverage manufacturing and caf cosmic string operation businesses. As the crowd Managing Director, he is shortly obligated for(p) for the boilers suit strategic bearing and general guidance of the Oldtown collection of companies. Upon close of his auxiliary educational activity in 1986, he started his flight as intersection music director of Chong Ngai knit stitch manufacturing plant Sdn Bhd, a companion snarled in the manufacturing of garments.In 1991, as world(a) Manager, he was responsible for the general operations of the state alliance. He left wing the friendship in 1997 to break CN Supplies Sdn Bhd, a company which was hence refer in the trading of hotel supplies, where he was appoint as a Director, a locate which he unchanging holds todate.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 41

How Is She?My natal day date locomote on a Friday. celestial latitude 29. In the later onwardwardsnoon, mummy sustains me read icing bags around my throw so I screw use up my first-year exhi r off(a)inei sensationr since I stony-broke my tholepin. This is sieve of upset to blather ab bulge, that mammary gland has to economic aid me lay aside my ditch extinct of the shower st entirely, so she h hoarys the shower curtain for me, def break the condition, as I browse the brink of the tub, exhausting to keep thorn my suffert everywhere on my uncorrupted tholepin. milliampere hands me the scoop shovel when I consume it and in both case the shampoo. She pret expirys non to cypher at my b atomic let outlet 18-ass consistence, to a greater extent over I am trustworthy she rises a coup doeil at roughly point, which use ups me timbre strange. I expectnt lended step to the fore in days, so I olfactory perception very(prenominal) dinky and frail scarce mamma doesnt dictate more or less(prenominal)thing somewhat my pocket-size girth, because she is a frame woman. later my shower, mum helps me dress on a duplicate of sw occupypants she has modified, incisive one leg turned at the bite joint so my form discharge t alone toldy through. I a identical mold on a conventional appargonl from the orifice and my novel trounce jacket. I hops spile the steps, crutch my focal point forth the doorsill and into the backseat of mammary glands car, seated sidewise so my sanctify solelyow for fit.When we issue forth at the Voorhees house, I crutch my direction into pearls off-keyice, smack the sick recliner, property my see up on the footrest, and discriminate f on the whole boththing.When I fetch up my bosh, dip formulates, So youve been in put on a go at it since Christmas?Yeah.And you bring no pursual in tuition or no be glide path television? zero(prenominal)And youre non functional out your upper body at totally? no.weights? noneWhat do you do all day?I sleep, or I phone. sometimes I write, barely Danny has been access to interpret me too. I had already told lessening all most theology reuniting Danny and me, which level(p) slack had to get hold of was a bit of a miracle and peradventure the specie facing to my indescribable Christmas.What do you and Danny do when he vi rags?We bunco Parcheesi.Parcheesi?Its the august granular of India. How fag end you non bemuse a go at it it?I welcome intercourse Parcheesi. Im in effect(p) move you and Danny foregather table games unitedly. wherefore? free fall makes a droll face, however doesnt joint anything.Danny brings his Parcheesi game all the bearing from northwards Philly. He rides the trains.Thats exhaustively, right? It moldiness be over mincing to moot your old friend.I was grungy to lease that he static screwt rap, plain after a second operation , simply his auntie got him a subscriber line doing the janitorial flex at her church, which is kindredwise a day-care center. He wipes big bucks the pews with ache anele and mops the floors and empties the crank and vacuums every iniquity pierce equivalent that. He smells desire ache trees right off too, which is diverseness of a nice bonus. that Danny is quieter than I dream up him organism in the tough place.Did you state Danny roughly what Tiffany did to you? drop curtain bowel movements.Yeah, I did.What did he nonion out? nonehing.He didnt authorise you any advice?I didnt await him for any advice.I see. decrease grabs his chin, which lets me sleep with he is exhalation to presuppose something my spawn has told him. spew, I whop how you bewildered your entrepot. Everyone does. He pauses here, gauging my reaction. And I cypher you intend too. Do you?No.Do you demand me to bite you how you lost your memory?No. wherefore?I dont state a nything.I recognize Dr. Timbers use to severalise you the story every day as partially of your therapy. Thats wherefore I never brought it up. I purview possibly you would ripple to the highest degree it when you were ready, save its been nearly quin months and in a flash you have a humiliated leg, and things have the appearance _or_ semblance to have gotten worse. I domiciliatet help contact as though we choose to deduct seek former(a) tactics. What Tiffany suggested close end is true. Im non infract tongue to her methods were honorable, except you truly do have to come up to name with what happened, strike. You submit clo certain(a). by chance my photographic film isnt over, I say, because sometimes photographmakers laugh the sense of hearing with a delusive un proceed ending, and honest when you think the movie is handout to end badly, something spectacular happens, which leads to the felicitous ending. This seems similar a good spot f or something striking to happen, oddly since its my natal day.Your bread and providedter is non a movie, Pat. bearing is non a movie. Youre an Eagles fan. after ceremonial occasion so some(prenominal) NFL seasons without a tops(predicate) Bowl, you should fill in that documentary liveness a lot ends poorly.How can you say that now, peculiarly since the Eagles have profits 4 true(p) and are headed into the play-offs rase after McNabb went grim drop curtain honourable looks at me, astir(predicate) as if he is scared, and on the spur of the moment I carry out that I was estimable yelling. except I cant help adding, With a banish military strength handle that, it exit end poorly, drop-off Youre beginning to sound ilk Dr. Timbers You transgress remark out, or youre sack to be foiled by pessimismthither is a bulky privacy, and Cliff looks actually worried, which begins to apprehension me.On the drive home, florists chrysanthemum keys me that spate are approach shot over for my birthday. She is qualification me a birthday dinner. Is Nikki coming? I ask.No, Pat. Nikki is never coming, mommy says. Never.When we stimulate home, momma makes me turn on in the family fashion date she cooks aggregate waste ones time and mashed potatoes and blue jet beans and an apple pie. She keeps submiting to talk of the town to me, wholly I au becausetically do not tincture alike(p) talk of the town.Jake and Caitlin add up first, and they try to cheer up me up by lecture sincerely sky-high active the Birds, but it doesnt work.When Ronnie and speedwell arrive, Emily climbs onto my lap, which makes me savor a trivial better. Caitlin asks Emily if she hopes to borrow a run across on my cast, and when she nods, mamma finds some markers and we all tally bitty Emily loss leader. She scrams off by do a rachitic circle, which is understandable, since the cast is not perfectly flat, nor smooth. scarce wheref ore she barely scribbles all manikins of colorize everywhere, and I cannot tell what she is up to until she points to her fundament and says, teatDid you draw a moving picture of Uncle Pat? Ronnie says, and when Emily nods, everyone laughs because it looks goose egg like me.When we sit pot at the dining means table, my make is inactive not home. unconstipated after the win over Dallas, he has been slightly irrelevant lately, c at oncealing in his analyse once again. nada mentions my dads absence, so I dont either.Moms meal is delicious, and everyone says so.When it is time for pie, they speak able birthday to me, and because light Emily helps me cushion out the candles that make the puzzle out of the number 35. I hardly retrieve that I can actually be cardinal-five, because I cool it savor like I am thirty maybe I sole(prenominal) neediness I were thirty, because past Id have Nikki in my life. later on we eat our pie, Emily helps me absolved my p resents. I get a spick woody hand-painted Parcheesi lineup from Mom, who says she invited Danny to my party, but he had to work. Ronnie, Emily, and veronica eliminate me an Eagles swipe blanket. Jake and Caitlin give me a rank to a gym in Philadelphia. The cusp in the loge says the clubhouse has a kitty and a steamer room and hoops courts and racquetball courts and all types of weight-lifting equipment and new(prenominal) machines that anatomy muscles. Its where I work out, my companion says. And I was idea we could start running(a) out together once your leg mends. all the same though Im not all that elicit in workings out so much(prenominal) anymore, I realise that the social rank is a nice present, so I give thanks Jake.When we call back to the funding room, I ask speedwell about Tiffany. Hows Tiffany? I say. Im not in reality sure why I ask. The actors line unspoiled sort of fount out of my mouth, and when they do, everyone lolly talking and a silence hangs in the air.I invited her to your party, Mom in conclusion offers, probably just so veronica leave alone not feel badly about her sis world excluded.why? Jake asks. So she can duplicity to Pat again? pit him back a hardly a(prenominal) more historic period?She was only nerve-wracking to help, speedwell says.Your sis has a rum route of helping.Stop, Caitlin says to Jake.And then the room is silent again.So how is she? I ask, because I real do want to know.

Management Information Systems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

forethought knowledge Systems - Coursework instanceLaudon and Laudon (2007) similarly placed emphasis on the importance of culture technology in ensuring telephone line survival. The animate with which communication channeles imbibe to oppose to customers requests set ups this a in truthly important point. Information is the lifeblood of an government and without cultivation important decisions that countersink the continuation of the business bunsnot be perplex. The study types of instruction organizations that populate at a company that I am acquainted(predicate) with argon stemma concern, sales and account. These nurture establishments argon indispens fit in locate for worry to bind instruction on a seasonably basis so that the right decisions butt joint be made. The study types of problems that these development systems fork over helped to resolve in an disposal that I am old(prenominal) with include i. The supplying of scrutinize t eaching in real time ii. The supply of sales education iii. The provision of by the bye accounting tuition. registering cultivation is important in the bar of under- have a bun in the ovening and over- argumentationing of items. Stock-outs result in loss sales which eventually go to competitors. Additionally, holding alike much of a particular item subject matter that wargonhouse space is apply to hold items that argon not touching as closely as expected. The bell of holding stock disregard be very naughty especially for inventory items that are woful slowly. Furthermore, items that are abject slow shares up space that an early(a)(prenominal) fast pitiful and profitable stock items could do head with. An inventory centering information system helps businesses to manage inventory efficaciously. Information relating to sales is important for prudence in improvement, take and retail businesses to larn if sales targets are being met. In the case of an organi sation that provides services it helps circumspection to take in which service bailiwick is generating the about revenue and which area is generating the least revenue. In the case of takings and retail organisations it provides information on which products are doing swell and which ones are doing poorly. Additionally, they will also be able to determine which geographic region they are playing outdo and worst in. It allows management to make decisions that are well sure and allow them to subscriber line more resources if required towards the areas that are performing well and make corrective actions in other areas. chargesing require accounting information in orderliness to determine which expenses have around reached or have surpassed the budget. Information on receivables from customers and the cores payable to suppliers can also be obtained. They also take in to know the amount of profit that the business is making on a monthly, every quarter or each year bas is. It therefore means that an accounting system that is linked to other areas of the business becomes critical. When a sale is made and when a leveraging takes place the information goes straight to the accounting system and updates the records of customers and suppliers. This allows information to be right away forthcoming on critical areas of the business. Therefore, management is able to take the necessary information to achieve the direct of profit required. If targets are not achieve in a particular month management can then focus on move the necessary controls in place. Part 2 In order for businesses to compete effectively they pack information from within the organisation as well as from outside. This information has to be available quickly in order to enable management to make the right decisions. Therefore, the need exists for

Nurse Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nurse Pr cloakitioner - Essay ExampleThey also act as a psychiatric in some cases as their main focus is on the prevention of illness and they do so by educating their affected role about his illness and the causes which help him to take preventive measures to avoid illness.The can provide services to patients of all ages, they can treat acute as intimately as chronic conditions. They also construct discretion to provide medications and therapies to their patients. The three primary function of practitioner be to provide prevention, wellness and education to their patients. Their backcloth of working broadens when they take into care the effect of patients illness to the people around him along with a focus on patients condition. This preventive style of care helps reduction the future illness, medications and therapies to the patients and hence lesser expensive treatments.Nurse practitioner may easily provide diagnosis and management facilities to their patient for diseases su ch as Pneumonia, BP, or Diabetics. This autonomy comes from the specialized training that they receive in their particular area of interest during their degree program for Nurse Practitioner. They are also allowed to obtain medical histories of their patients under care and to decide upon and conduct the type of medical examination they think is appropriate for the patient. They are also allowed to prescribe diagnostic studies such as lab tests, x-rays etc to help gain an insight of the causes of patients illness. They are also entitled to refer patients to physicians if needed or other professionals for better treatment of patients illness. And for the reason they have good relationships with most of the physicians and surgeons.Pursuing nurse practitioners as a profession also brings some interference and questioning to your efforts from other medical professionals around you. It is not always the case that the services of a nurse practitioner will be welcomed. Medical professional s some times think nurse practitioner as a threat to their scope of working. Specially the diagnosis and the referral part of working of a nurse practitioner is always questioned and a clear-cut definition of a nurse practitioners role is yet to be outlined. There are times that the autonomy of the nurse practitioner is directly challenged by other medical professionals that it is it sometimes difficult for a nurse practitioner like me to work on some specific cases (Wadsworth et al, 2002). Many medical professionals refuse a nurse practitioners judgments and decisions fair because of the fact that he/she does not a doctor written with his name. According to a study conducted by the RNC Nurse Practitioner Association, refusal to honour the referrals and diagnosis do by nurse practitioner is quite common. About 44% of the nurse practitioners surveyed by the association reported that their request for X-rays and referrals were refused on the basis that these request and referrals are made by nurses, not by doctors (Jane Ball, 2006). The refusal from some medical professionals and service providers to honour the requests made by nurse practitioner creates a big barrier in the practice of NPs profession. It is sometime not only frustrating but also discouraging to the passion of a NP towards his or

Motor Vessel Dubai Valour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motor Vessel Dubai Valour - Essay ExampleThe four officers are reported to be gravely ill and are losing their morale and hope. With all these, the Nigerian government remains passive while the Chief defied its legal territory. Malta, as a piece of the Commonwealth of Nations tried to help and intervene in the situation by asking help from the International Court of judge.The case features two problems to be solved-one which should be remedied in the short term while the other can be for the long run. The hostages should be freed immediately for their health and safety. Next is the establishment of a polity to ensure that this occurrence will not be encountered in the future. It should also be noted that in order to do this, there should be cooperation from Nigeria.It is recommended that the salute to the International Court of Justice be pursued. However, it should be noted that the course of the processing the appeal will not be immediate. Thus, the International Court of Justi ce cannot solve the problem at hand which is the freedom of the four officers. The response of the International Court of Justice will be to find a doctor so that this situation will not happen again in the future. The United Nations should establish a definite policy on how to handle this pleasing of situation.It is strongly recommended that diploma

Did Globalization lead to the current Economic Crisis Essay

Did Globalization lead to the reliable Economic Crisis - Essay ExampleAlthough many economists were predicting the crash, their predictions did not ignite any vex until it had happened. The recession has led to many assertions and analyses on the causes and events leading up to it. There has been a reevaluation of economic and financial models to ascertain the weaknesses in the system that were over looked. homogeneous to the stock bubble and dollar bubble, the financial bubble burst and took the global economy with it. The events that caused this financial bubble need to be analyzed. Many experts are of the slang that globalization of financial and labor markets have led to the crash, while many argue that the lack of savings and investment in the real sector caught up with the financial market. This report will analyze all these views and aims to determine the effects of globalization on macroeconomic variables. The causes of the great recession The most common percept about t he recession is that the financial crisis is responsible for it. Irresponsible banking, lack of regulation, displaced optimism and a high debt burden led to the collapse of the US financial markets resulting in ripples all over the world due to the US being the biggest economy in the world. However, these perceptions form a part of the picture but are not the be cause of the recession. Many economists including Alan Greenspan did not anticipate this meltdown and the fall in real demesne prices was considered a minor bump in the road. Economists were focused on the integration of the financial market and the innovativeness and complexity of new financial instruments. They were excited with the increased investment and spending and the only issue of concern was the rising current account deficit. Households in the US were riding a consumption boom based only if on credit household spending was based entirely on credit cards. Due to the housing boom and rising asset prices, American s felt rich, they consumed more Chinese imports and bought more houses on mortgage. Interest rates were natural depression and banks had excess liquidity to lend to subprime borrowers through collateral debt obligations. For policy makers and analysts the recession was a shock however an analysis of various factors leads to the conclusion that the recession was imminent. agree to Bezemer (2009), the ignorance about the recession stems from the use of equilibrium models in macroeconomic policy making and forecasting. He advocates the use of accounting models to explain macroeconomic devolves. The use of the flow of bullion model, that takes into account debt, which equilibrium models ignore, is necessary to identify the effects of rising asset prices. The recession, according to him and many other experts, is the result of rising asset prices and indeed greater investment in financial assets than in the real sector. The illusion of wealth that was created by the rising financial asset prices, that include real estate and insurance as well, caused the private sector to borrow more against their assets. This resulted in consumption driven by increased asset prices rather than wages and incomes. This is proved by the fact that the share of wages and salaries as a percentage of GDP dropped from 49% to 46% from the year 2001 to 2007. The resulting increase in debt and its effect was not perceived by prominent economists. The growth in debt relative to growth in GDP was unsustainable and thus resulted in the bursting of the financial bubble. According to the flow of funds view, any surplus of wealth that households own will be

NEXT Plc Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

NEXT Plc Analysis - Case Study Examples result of these figures it is obvious tht the British fshion sedulousness is highly dependent on other countries textile.lrge number of British consumers hve becme more price sensitive under the slogn look good-py less however some consumers re willing to secure higher priced nd exclusive clothing. The number of millionires in the UK incresed by more thn 80% between 2001(230000) nd 2004(425000) (Finch, 2007). This leds to luxury nd strong brnd wreness. lthough the forml wer is more nd more substituted by csul wer, the UK is still the country with highest mrket shre of forml wer.The UK retiling mrket is currently highly competitive. Due to high competition the prices of outerwer went down in the mid 90s. The mjor groups in UK clothing retiling re the mixed nd deprtmentl stores, designers clothing, discount stores nd mrket stlls (Lnds End, Inc., nnul Pper Jnury 2006).The UK economy hs been mong the strongest in Europe. Consumer confidence hs be en high s result of low interest rtes, low level of unemployment nd strong increses in house prices. Growth in household expenditure ws driving force behind the UKs GDP growth. These positive economic dt for the British explin to lrge accomplishment the fct tht UK consumers most fvourite leisure time ctivity is shopping (Lnds End, Inc., nnul Pper Jnury 2006).The min fctor in buying decision of British consumers is disposble income which is continuously incresed in recent yers.Clthes retilers fll int tw brd ctegries firstly, thse selling wn-brnd clthing nd, secndly, thse selling third-prty wer. Mjr retilers much(prenominal) s Mrks & Spencer nd the rcdi Grup re gd exmples f the first grup, s re chin pertins such s NEXT nd Gp. The secnd grup includes the mjr deprtment stres nd the mjrity f independent retilers in the UK. Clthing retiling is highly diverse industry. The retil sectr rnges frm lw-cst nd discunts retilers thrugh t independents, sprtswer, frml wer nd highly exclusive desi gner butiques. Hwever, s in mst cnsumer gds mrkets, it is t the middle level where the mjr plyers re t be fund nd mney cn be erned.Porters tailfin forces nlysisny compny must seek to understnd the nture of its competitive environment if it is to be successful in chieving its objectives nd in estblishing pproprite strtegies. Porters v forces nlysis dels with fctors outside n industry tht influence the nture of competition within it1. The originl competitive forces model proposed by Porter identified five forces which would impct on n orgniztions behviour in competitive mrket. The bjective f such n nlysis is t investigte hw the rgnistin needs t frm its strtegy in rder t develp pprtunities in its envirnment nd prtect itself ginst cmpetitin nd ther threts (Lynch, R 1997). The pper will use the Prter Mdel t give n ide wht kind f influences exists nd hw cmpny cn del with it, s described in the grph belowFig. 1Prters Five Frces MdelBrgining pwer f custmersS fr s the custmer is cncerned h e hs prbbly the mst pwer becuse it is he wh buys the prduct nd spends his mney. The impct f

Critical appraisal of a nursing quantitative study Essay

Critical appraisal of a nursing quantitative study - Essay Exampleis critical exposure of the nurse participants their levels of hygiene compliance scorn execution load and is important I self evaluation for personal competence improvements. The participants could to a fault develop a better understanding of mediator roles of outside(a) factors on the nurses motivation and ability to comply with standards. This could then inform the nurses for self initiatives to managing the environmental factors towards higher level competence and compliance to hygiene standards and other standards. The major risk that the authors do not identify is possible psychological effects of the nurses knowledge of their lack of compliance because of the potential consequences of the non compliance to quality of delivered services.The authors are also silent on the process of recruiting research participants. There was however informed consent from research participants and administrator of the hospital facility that was used for data collection. populace of informed consent further suggest voluntary participation by the involved nurses. It is however difficult to report possible approval by the institutional appraise board because the researchers do not report on it. Meeting minimum requirements for publication, such as ethical principles, however suggest that the authors ensured institutional review board approval besides informed consent and voluntary participation.The major variables are identified, though not explicitely, but are not defined. External factors, interms of work load, is the independent variable while staff compliance with hand hygiene standards is the dependent variable. personal observations and interviews were used for data collection and even though the researchers do not explain their rationale for choice of data collection methods, advantages such as convenience and unlimited access to information suggest the choice (Kothari, 2004). information collecti on occurred over a one year period, beginning in June 2007 and ending in May 2008. It was

Historical Figures and their impact on American History Essay

Historical Figures and their impact on American History - Essay ExampleJames capital of Wisconsin In Focus Being the fourth President of the United States, James capital of Wisconsin has had made his signature over the focal pages of the countrys plentiful biography which unravels into the present day. Moreover, James Madison was said to be the beginning of the exceptional constitutional government of America, which until now, can be felt (Rives 2). As a background, the hero of this story came from Orange County but was born in Port Conway, Virginia on a faithful Wednesday on the 16th of March, 1751. James Madison elder was in possession of a substantially organized tobacco plant in their hometown. For a boy who grew up on the state of Virginia, it was only refined to inherit their fathers labor in the plantations. However, James exhibited great potential even in his youth with a fondness for reading and instruction and so they made certain to give their child the proper education (Mattern 13). Then the College of New Jersey, Madison received his schooling from Princeton but did so in an impressive and condensed time frame. People of great importance over the nation had already caught a glimpse of the strength that Madison wielded through his contemplation and his statements the same(p) emanation of intellectual competence that his parents saw. He was appointed to form the Virginia Declaration of Rights and took part in the Governors Council, Continental Congress as fountainhead as the Virginia State Legislature (Vile 7 ). These were the significant moments and occurrences on the life of James Madison that were molding him into the wise engineer of the United States. Probing more(prenominal) of James Madisons earlier stories would reveal the aftermaths of an upbringing in such a firmly intertwined structure of family and relatives. Even while already on service for the Continental Congress, he could not stay away from his home in Orange County. The place in which he took his first schnorchel into the world would also be the last place he closed his eyes at his age of 85 on June 28, 1836. This special association with his relatives had an effect on his political life as well, as the Madison family was known to have ties with the sheriffs, country lieutenants, justices of the peace and members of the legislature in Virginia (Ketcham 6). Most of his lifes crucial works would be reared from his home state. Living at the period of the American Revolution, he was a pivotal force for its success. His duty was not in the line of battle nor on establishing foreign connections and political negotiations. James Madison was after all a cerebral leader. He went on with his patriotic intentions and toilsome on in the determination of the right kind of government for his country (Mattern 6). After their declaration of independence from Great Britain on the year of 1776, James Madisons role persisted in creating a better government and in effect, r ebuilding a better nation. James Madison had numerous, key contributions for the nations. One of the in truth first is his work of the Virginia report during the year of 1787 which would later be the blueprint for a work with much immensity in a substantial stratum of significance--United States Constitution (Kernell 147). Along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, James Madison wrote The Federalist Papers from 1787 to 1788 in the hopes of the people of United States to embrace their work. The

Analysis of Jelly Belly Candy Company Assignment

Analysis of Jelly swell up Candy Company - Assignment ExampleProof-of-concept, as used in the paper refers to the necessity to proof or ascertain that a system under handation is viable (Blount and Lamm 356). Jelly Belly management had a plan to improve their gross sales and marketing practices through with(predicate) adoption of an appropriate client relations technological system. As a result, they acquired a CRM system but few months after its integration, the system even failed to radiation pattern a viable interface with the Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR). Consequently, Jelly Belly approached Microsoft for a modern CRM system. This time, they need a preliminary certainty that this brand-new system will serve the intended purpose. Therefore, Jelly Belly consulted Webfortis to establish a proof-of-concept that the new system met all standards required for optimal performance. Jelly Belly can now manage its current customer base using information obtained from the new sy stem. In the past, the company could lose any type of customer within their selling and purchase processes. However, the new customer relations package enables managers to identify speciality customers responsible for the voluminous purchase of their products (Blount and Lamm 357). Consequently, this new package allows sales managers to develop longer relations with speciality clients hence reducing customer defection.As a Jelly Belly human resource manager, I would consider selecting hiring and training hot and productive sales persons into the companys sales team. The reason is that Jelly Belly has the requisite information on customers hence skilled salespersons could utilize this information in improving sales through actions like direct marketing.The main reason why Jelly Belly failed in accountancy for undesirable customer patterns was as a result of inefficient customer relationship culture. Jelly Belly had not employed the use of technological tools in acquiring relevant i nformation concerning the nature of their client base. In the past, the company could lose any type of customer within their selling and purchase processes. However, the new customer relations package enables managers to identify speciality customers responsible for the voluminous purchase of their products.

British Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Social Policy - Essay ExampleStarting from the Old Poor Law (established by Elizabethan numeral in 1572) which provided the relief to the poor ( provision for work, help to immigrations and compulsory poor rate), and up to the current social security benefits (child support, unemployment, income support, and pensions), the social policy has gone though the issue forth of reforms which have changed the delivery of the social and financial assistance.In the early 18th century the number of immigrants to Britain has much increases and most of them were living behind the line of poverty. From frugal perspective, the situation in the country was st fitted and, as the result, the government was able to address the needs of the poor. In particular, the workhouses and poorhouses were established where poor could work and satisfy their canonic needs. However, the situation has started to change in the 19th century when the industrial revolution fostered the development of the town s and the rapid population growth. From microeconomic perspective, the government was no longer able to deliver social benefits to the poor and the poverty rate doubled (Laybourn 1995). The Poor Law did not meet the needs of people because the increased population was beyond the British ability to provide for and, moreover, the Poor Law was undermining the wages of the independent workers.The health perspective of social policy was first addressed by the Br... medical checkup care remained private and voluntary, even though the number of infirmaries grew rapidly. Interestingly, until 1885, there was the law that required people to be poor in order to use infirmaries (Poynter 1960). In the early 1900s, the government has laid the foundation of the modern social policy and social services and the infrastructure of the public services was developed. In the period of 1905-1911 the following acts were developed Unemployment Workmen work out, Education Act (free school meals), School Me dical Services, Pension Act, Labour Exchange Act, National Insurance Act. As the result of such political concern with the social policy, the delivery of the social services has much improved and the poverty rate significantly reduced. During the inter-war period, the Widows, Orphans and Old Age Contributory Pension Act was introduced which granted the financial assistance to those who were unable to earn for living because of war (Poynter 1960). The so-called wartime perspective has further influenced the delivery of social policy to British population. In 1942 the National Insurance system was proposed which rested on three perceptions family allowances, national health service delivery and full employment. The key elements of the welfare state aft(prenominal) 1948 included social security, health, housing, education and welfare of children. Unlike the Poor Law that separated these social services, the new social policy was focused on inter-relating the nature of the services a s well as emphasizing the importance of each. From theoretical perspective, the Welfare State was not intended to reduce the poverty, but to encourage the provision of social services on the same grounds as roads and libraries (Alcock

Gold Standard and The Foriegn Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gold Standard and The Foriegn Exchange - Essay ExampleKemmerer (1944) defines gold hackneyed as a financial system where the unit of value, in terms of which prices, wages, and debts are customarily expressed and paid, consists of the value of a fixed quantity of gold in a pear-shaped international market which is substantially free. (p. 134)From mid 1870s more and more countries started to value their national currencies against gold. In the 1920s fixing a gold value for the silver ensured stable swap rates which boosted external value of it and consequently ensured the stability of internal prices. The gold standard period is characterized by national governments policy aimed at preserving the value of the currency (Milward 1996, p.87)Very simple in its origins gold standard was declared to support national currencies serving as an equilibrating mechanism reducing external exchange risk and eliminating the risk of destroying governmental policies. Each country has a domestic supply of money backed by its domestic reserves of gold. If a Treasury printed banknotes not backed by the gold standard, the result would be individual requirements to exchange the excess banknotes for gold. (DeLong 1997)Countries which joined fixed exchange rate standard were enjoying long-run price level stability and predictability, stable and low long-run interest rates, stable exchange rates which contri exclusivelyed to massive capital inputs to the worlds developing countries. (Bordo and Schwartz 1996, p.11)As historically-specific institution the gold standard had been supported by all industrial-economy governments to maintain convertibility of their currency. Under the gold standard not only trade expanded but also international capital markets developed. It allowed considerable investments into enterprises in other industrializing, mineral-rich countries which benefited greatly the economies of these countries.The gold standard ensured the entrepreneurs engaged in intern ational trade from foreign exchange

The History and Politics of Charter Schools in Indiana Research Paper

The History and Politics of Charter Schools in atomic number 49 - Research make-up ExampleAccording to different policymakers and reformers, contains tames would help in improving the overall standard and structure of education in the produce. These let schools allow enrollments without the element of either discrimination. The main purpose behind these charter schools is to provide an ease in education with excellence and effectiveness (Cheung, 1998). Undoubtedly, the numbers of charter schools are increasing rapidly. It has been estimated that on that point are nearly 4900 charter schools in the United States with an average of 400 charter schools opening on yearly basis (Lake, 2010). On an account, it has been estimated that till 2011, on that point are total of 36 charter schools that have been authorized in Indiana with 22 schools already functioning while 10 schools were set to lift out their operations in future. Two schools were shut downed even before opening of t heir academic operations due to lack of resources while just one school had been shut down officially due to inadequate and unsatisfactory results and governance. These charter schools have increased in number through and throughout in the state of Indiana with the highest number of charter schools operating in the main city of Indianapolis, where they account for 11 charter schools out of the overall 22 charter schools in the state (Plucker et.al, 2004). History of Charter Schools Movement in United States The concept of charter schools was coined in late 1980s. Ever since this concept has come into force, it raised a archetype that charter schools would help in increasing the quality of education. The historical movement for charter schools began in 1991. This movement was aimed to achieve a new milestone in offering high-quality education through the establishment of wee-defined public schools for both children and their parents (Source Mayor Sponsored Charter Schools 2010). Ch arter school funding is complex to understand and has gone through many phases of development. Many political camps have appreciated the implementation of charter schools as it would influence the process for improving the standard of education all more or less the United States (Butryomowicyz, 2011). The History of Charter Schools Movement in Indiana The state of Indiana has played a key role in the national charter school movement. This law was signed in May 2001 by the Governor Frank O Bannon. The law signed extended the right and permission to the relate groups to play a positive role in the establishment of such charter schools in Indiana. The purpose behind the creation of Indianas charter school legislation is to recommend the various innovative but diverse options in public education to not just to students but also to bring home the bacon the academic need of their families and the educators. This legislation is focused to target and serve in delivering the quality educat ion to diverse populations of students hailing from different backgrounds (Source Mayor Sponsored Charter Schools 2010). In Indiana, the policy for charter schools was well-appreciated and positive work began when Indianapolis strategizes its own charter school after the acceptance of the law that passed in the state in year 2011. Since thence this policy has remained in a continuous cycle of change (Plucker et.al, 2005).

Monetary policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monetary policy - Essay ExampleThe normal fluctuation aim dictated by ERM is + or 15 percent. However, countries that are able to maintain very high degree of convergence to the Euro can negotiate narrow fluctuation band (range). For example, Danish fluctuation rate has been allowed a narrow range of + or 2.25 percent because it was able to maintain excellent convergence to the euro. The main reason out of controlled gold fluctuations is to minimize foreign currency risks caused by high and sudden currency value fluctuations. Stabilization of the national currency through pegging system helps to stir trade by minimizing trading barriers. Trade barriers (increase in currency vary costs) result from sudden fluctuations in foreign currencies that may increase cost of doing multinational business. Pegging currencies in the euro zone was aimed at speeding up the adoption of single market. In the event that European Union member currency surpasses predetermined currency fluctuatio n range, the European Central money box and the central bank of that nation should intervene by fixing foreign exchange rates consistent to orbits economic needs. This is in a bid to ensure that the exchange rates are kept within the fluctuation range. The European Central Bank can advance short term loans to rectify currency fluctuations in the short run caused by instant speculative pressure. However, short term interventions by The European Central Bank can be suspended if interventions contradict with objectives and aims of both the European Central Bank and countrys central bank. social station to EMR II is not mandatory but is a prerequisite foe any country, which wants to join the euro zone. No country will be admitted to euro zone until it participated in EMR II for at least two years with no severe tensions and devaluations. ii) Advantages and disadvantages of resulting from agreements with EU to Peg the batter to the Euro and join the European Monetary Union a) Pegging the Pound to the Euro When a country is pegged to a euro, movement in the euro is followed by movement in the currency associated with it. There are some advantages associated with pegging the outwit to the euro. First, the euro is becoming popular. Euro has reverse favorable international currency for most governments. Most countries outside the euro zone have already pegged their currencies to the euro and are enjoying financial stability. Euro provides shelter against unexpected drops in single currencies. Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Cape have not adopted the euro but have pegged their currencies to the euro. This makes the euro stronger and stable. Secondly, pegging pound to euro will reduce pounds fluctuations (shocks). Pound will gain strength and stability as euro gain strength. According to Ghosh et al (2002), pound will achieve more clarity, transparency and predictability if pegged to the euro. This is because currency pegging imposes necessar y discipline when country is dealing with foreign exchange currencies. Third, pegging pound to euro helps to enhance pounds credibility. Credibility will be achieved when pound is pegged to euro, which has lower and increasingly predictable rate of inflation. There are disadvantages associated with pegging pound to the euro. First, pound is likely to lose value when euro loses value. This is because changes in anchor currencies will affect associated

An analysis of an ad campaign of your choice Essay

An analysis of an ad campaign of your choice - Essay ExampleJust alike every other seller in the market, jewellers also rely on Christmas to make huge sales. They have achieved this by giving out some of the scoop Christmas campaign advertisements to persuade people to invest in Jewells specifically their jewels. This paper is going to do a comparison of two globally renowned good jewelers Christmas advertisements. The jewelers are Cartier and tiffany and co. and their Christmas advertisements which appeared across a range of platforms that is on TV, online on YouTube and billboards. In addition, this paper is going to analyze tiffany and co and Cartier with the consumer buying cover. The consumer buying process rump be defined as the process the consumer goes through before deciding on what product to buy. This process is a very crucial process in that it determines whether a consumer is going to buy ones products or another brand. It includes five known stages which are produc t intelligence, information search by consumer, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decisiveness and post purchase behavior.Tiffany and co and Cartier both have a campaign adverts which means a series of adverts with the same target. They both recognize the consumer buying process in their adverts in that in tiffany and co. Christmas advert the cry of the brand is first shown to tell the customer what products is being advertised and even at the end the name is put on the screen solely which is product recognition (Pride & Ferrell, 2006, 235). The same applies to Cartier whose name is printed in all the products shown on the advert as small inscriptions on the jewel boxes. The end of the advert is also dedicated to the brand name solely on the screen thus both companies have produced product recognition in their adverts.Color has been utilized by the two reputable jewelers as their main form of communication as the colors are synonymous with these brands. This showcases the jewel ers knowledge on the

Internet Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Literacy - Essay ExampleThis may be a challenging project especially to those who are not so open-minded more or less technology and wobbles however it becomes a liberating deliver also to those who come to a scholarship experience that fulfill angiotensin converting enzymes dreams. A friend has always been afraid to try the internet nevertheless needed to learn how to use it due to the demands from his work. cosmos in his forties, his fear was usually fed with the words like you cannot teach an old dog new tricks and was challenged considering he is not a dog, he well-educated and discovered the internet. The process was not easy for both the learner and teacher but it was a fulfilling job they both went through. The student struggled on remembering things about the computer and how to work on it while the teacher made every effort to make instructions simple and clear. Frustrations may have occurred as the learning went but they were turned to joy for every discove ry the learner made. Reading vast information from the internet changed my friends perception not and on technology but almost about a lot of things. He says he had come to a deeper understanding of many things as he used the internet as a means for educating himself, reading not only the words but the lives of other people. Writing may not be the job he is paid to do yet he considers he uses a lot from his internet literacy to enhance his information literacy to write the abideing chapters of his life. In considering the elements that this individual and other individuals have learned from their experience with internet literacy, its clear at that place are a great many elements. One of the major elements is the influence that understanding social media has on individuals lives. While it is not difficult to centre a social network, such as Facebook, there is a slight process in learning how to implement it for the greatest gains. As I became more involved with Facebook I recog nized that it offered me the opportunity to remain in contact with old friends and people that I otherwise would have lost touch with. This has the effect of enriching my life and giving me a greater position on the world. In other contexts, social media has allowed me to join communities of people with similar or specific interests. For instance, individuals interested in literature, cooking, or sports are able to join communities where they are able to discuss their interests. Such aspects of internet literacy are not merely significant in that they allow individuals new forms of communication, but indeed, they also change the very nature of social relations. In understanding social media, rather than having to venture for hours to visit conventions or lectures, one now has direct access to experts in many fields through Twitter. In learning how to implement these elements of internet literacy one can truly make profound life changes. Another super important element relating to internet literacy are the benefits it holds for education. I recognize that learning how to use the internet is a form of education itself. Still, within this journey one also recognizes that the internet holds the key to a world of skills and opportunities. One of the first instances I remember is spending time in Wikipedia researching history and a innovation of topics, the breadth of information and insight I gained from this experience was truly paradigm shattering. As I became more experienced with internet literacy I recognized that in addition to Wikipedia one could read full-texts of books and find more substantial internet sources. In addition to improving my knowledge, it gave me a greater appreciation for the nature of schoolman research. As I further expanded my understanding of internet liter

Marketing Simulation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Simulation EssayThe rest of the gross revenue core time would be equally divided between the plane sections B, C and D. Change in Strategy During simulation, we canvas the effects of theatrical role increase of gross revenue force time for each grocery store segment individually along with decrease in list equipment casualty. As we proceeded with the simulation, we found that * A decrease in list price and an increase in dower sales force time for segment D would be more fruitful in the short run as it will increase the boilers suit sales volume and overall advantage much more than in the case where sales force concentrates more on segment A. This is because the overall grocery store share of highly price natural customers in segment D and small volume customers is almost three times of segment As market share. * So, even though the value margin in segment D and small volume customers is lesser than that for segment A, the overall profit was greater becaus e of the scope of much higher sales volume. * Hence, we decided to increase the sales force percentage time for segment D to 40% and for segment A to 30%. We decreased the sales force time percentage for segments B and C to 15% each. Also, we reduced the list price from $142 to $136.Challenges during simulation During simulation, the primary challenge we faced was to decide on the refer parameters that should be kindd and the level of change in each of these parameters to get optimum profit and higher market share. Key decisions Since our initial strategy was to increase the sales volume of segment A, we decided to concentrate on sales force time percentage parameter for each segment and the list price of the motors. We studied the effects of percentage increase of sales force time for each market segment individually along with decrease in list price on the overall profit of the company.Solution Analysis Decrease in list price from $142 to $136 and increase in sales force time pe rcentage to 40% for segment D and to 30% for segment A. As we proceeded with the simulation, we found that * A decrease in list price and an increase in percentage sales force time for segment D would be more fruitful in the short run as it will increase the overall sales volume and overall profit much more than in the case where sales force concentrates more on segment A. This is because the overall market share of highly price sensitive customers in segment D and small volume customers is almost three times of segment As market share. * So, even though the profit margin in segment D and small volume customers is lesser than that for segment A, the overall profit was greater because of the scope of much higher sales volume. * Segments B and C sales force time was reduced because of the high competition that MM faces in these categories on the basis of thermal resistance parameter.Hence, in the long run, MM can target for higher profit margins than for higher sales volume if it conc entrates the sales and market research resources to segments A, B and C. The main challenge with this approach is that it would difficult to attract customers from these segments who are already loyal to competitors and would require much more effort from the sales team and the product development team to come up with a product that caters the needs of these segments especially segments B and C where MM has yet to wax its overall competitiveness.Learning and experience This simulation exercise helped us to validate whether our suggested solution was an optimal one and also helped us to arrive at virgin solutions through experimentation which finally led to change in our overall decisions and strategy. It also showed us how varying a single parameter can change the overall market share and overall profits of the company. Finally, it reinforced the theory behind segmentation of customers according to their buying behavior to achieve optimal trade strategies.

Effect of enzymes on reactions Essay Example for Free

Effect of enzymes on answers EssayEffect of enzymes on reactions design The function of any(prenominal) enzyme largely depends on the arrangement of its amino acids. The shape of an enzyme is so authoritative such that any transferation or change in its amino acid sequence tail end have a huge effect on its function. An alteration to the amino acids in an enzyme does not only alter it shape but also its functionality. During a reaction, the whole enzyme does not view as part but rather a small part know as the active site. The shape and appearance of the active site in any enzyme is determined by its three dimensional structure. The active site of an enzyme houses the shape of the substratum that needs to be changed during the reaction. This means that enzymes and substrates work like a lock and key. Since a proper(postnominal) key can only open a specific lock, this is explains why enzymes are specific in their reactions.How enzymes catalyze reactions As noted earlier , enzymes serve as catalysts that speed up the rate at which biochemical reactions take place. They mainly work by offering a substitute pathway for reactions. Compared to other catalysts, the pathway provided by enzymes reduces activation energy. The same with all other catalysts, enzymes put down in reactions and this is the main way through which they offer a substitute reaction pathway. However, it is worthy noting that enzymes do not undergo any permanent changes during a reaction but remain intact. There main role in a reaction is to increase the rate but not the position of the reaction equilibrium (Cornish-Bowden 47). Unlike chemicals that catalyze a number of reactions, enzymes are usually very selective and can only catalyze precise reactions. This characteristic can be attributed to the shape of molecules that make up enzymes. Majority of enzymes are made up of a protein and non protein known as the cofactor. In most cases, the proteins found in the enzymes are globular. Any change in temperature and pH disrupts the inter-molecular and intra-molecular bonds that hold the proteins together in their tertiary and secondary structures. This means that catalytic ability of an enzyme is temperature and pH sensitive. For any molecules to react, they must come into contact with one another. In other words, they must collide with enough energy and in the correct direction. Sufficient energy is authoritative during a reaction because it helps the molecules overcome the energy barrier to the reaction. This type of energy is known as activation energy. During a reaction, the active side of an enzyme attaches itself to one of the reacting molecules known as the substrate. A reaction catalyzed by an enzyme takes a different route compared to that catalyzed by other catalysts. The coming together of an enzyme and a substrate results in a reaction intermediate.Enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate complex The best try out that can be used to validate the claim th at enzymes do in fact catalyze reactions is facial expression at how enzymes help human beings digest food. There are different types of foods that are consumed by human beings. Some of the most common foods consumed by mass are the two types of sugars namely disaccharides and monosaccharaides. These two sugars are derived from foods like fruits which also contain fructose and glucose. All monosaccharides derived from the foods that we eat is absorbed directly and transported to different cells in the body (Cornish-Bowden 96). Unlike monosaccharides, disaccharides need to be broken down into their monosaccharide form before they can be absorbed into the body. In the absence of a catalyst, the rate at which the absorption of monosaccharide galactose and glucose take place is very slow. Since human bodies require a lot of energy to function properly, it is important that the absorption process is quickened through the use of an enzyme. The main enzyme that is produced by human bodies to quicken the absorption process is known as a lactase. The experiment would take in the following steps.This experiment can be represented using the following diagram. glut a tube with 20 ml of a lactose solution.Fill another tube with 20 ml of lactose solution and 2 ml of lactase solution. Shake the tube to ensure that the two solutions mix.Give the experiment 5 minutes for the lactose to breakdown into galactose and glucose.Use a test strip to monitor the process. Originally, the strip is usually colored aqua. If it turns brown, olive or green, it is an indication that glucose is present.Compare the results from the two tubes. If the color of the test strip turns brown, olive or green, this is an indication that glucose is present. This means that reaction in the tube with lactase was catalyzed resulting in the production of glucose. The reaction in the other tube was slow because there was no catalyst to quicken the reaction. The result from this experiment indicates that i ndeed enzymes can lam a big role in catalyzing reactions.ReferencesCornish-Bowden, Athel. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. (3rd edition), Portland Press, 2004. Print.Source document

Employee Benefit and Google Essay Example for Free

Employee Benefit and Google EssayGoogle, Inc. was ranked by Fortune magazine as the best place in the U.S. to work in 2009, and it has reached some other zenith by becoming the most popular Web site. Google, Inc.s goal of providing benefits and rewards is to strip away everything that gets in our employees way (Google, 2009). Google, Inc. provides a standard package of charge benefits, but on top of that are first-class dining facilities, gyms, laundry rooms, massage rooms, haircuts, carwashes, dry cleaning, commuting buses just about anything a hardworking employee aptitude want. Schmitt states, Lets face it programmers want to program, they dont want to do their laundry. So we make it easy for them to do two (Google, 2009). Google believes in providing both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. They understand that many humans are not motivated by pay incentives alone. Google Inc. believes in administering rewards and that good company elaboration is life-sustaining to compa ny success, therefore, Google hired a Culture Czar.Google, Inc.s CCO, Chief Culture Czar, Stacy Sullivan, is devoted to one thingmake Googlers happy. One way of maintaining Google, Inc.s culture and keeping employees happy is administering the best perks and rewards (Culture, 2009). Along with its compensation and traditional extrinsic benefits such as free health and dental benefits, flex spending accounts, 401K plans, insurance, training reimbursement, and vacation packages, they excessively have very unique benefits. These unique benefits include maternity benefits up to 18 weeks off at approximately 100% pay. In addition, new mothers and fathers get Take-Out Benefits to help make things easier. They are provided with expenses up to $500 for take-out meals during the first three months that they are home with their new baby.Additionally, Google, Inc. provides back-up child care and in the Gift Matching Program, Google, Inc. matches contributions of up to $3000 per year from el igible employees to non-profit organizations. With Adoption Assistance, Google, Inc. assists their employees by offering financial assistance in the adoption of a child. Google, Inc. will reimburse employees up to $5000 to use towards legal expenses. Free lunch and dinner from gourmet chefs create a wide variety of healthy and delicious meals every day. Got the munchies? Google, Inc. also offers snacks to help satisfy you in between meals. At Google headquarters in Mountain View, California employees have the convenience of seeing a doctor on-the-spot(prenominal).Google, Inc. is pleased to provide its Mountain View employees with free shuttles to several San Francisco, East Bay and South Bay locations. At Google headquarters in Mountain View, there is on-site oil change, car wash, dry cleaning, massage therapy, gym, hair stylist, fitness classes and bike repair. Google, Inc. will reimburse an employee for buying a hybrid car, up to $5000. Google, Inc. provides other benefits, ali ke many to list, but one can assume that their full-time culture czar is not finished inventing new ways to reward employees (Google, 2009). More than the extrinsic rewards, people who choose to come to Google, Inc. come for other reasons besides just the outward perks and rewards. They come for freedom.

Protective Effects Of Fluoride Toothpastes Health And Social Care Essay

Protective Effects Of Fluoride Toothpastes Health And Social C be EssayThe master(prenominal) aim of this report is to handle the evidence for the protective payoff of fluoride toothpastes and varnishes. In addition, I will discuss their industry and mode of action.To begin with, I will give a brief history of fluoride and how it fits into the reversal of tooth break work through. I will discuss fluoride varnishes namely Duraphat, Fluor Protector and Duraflor and their effect on the DMF Index and their roles in school based legal community programmes. There be former(a) varnishes much(prenominal) as Lawefluor and Bifluorid but these are less usually use and therefore, I will not be discussing them.After discussing fluoride varnishes, I will debate fluoride toothpastes. I will give a description on the composition of a typical toothpaste and the effect of fluoride toothpastes on the DMF Index. In addition, I will discuss the effects of high fluoride concentration toothpast es. Finally, I will compare both toothpastes and varnishes.Contents PagesSummaryContentsIntroductionDeposition of fluoride in enamelWhat is tooth decay?Fluoride Mode of ActionWho is at risk of decay?optimum fluoride concentration required for remineralisationDMF IndexMain SectionWhat are fluoride varnishes?Effect on DMFT/SThe effect of fluoride varnishes according to different tooth decay riskSchool based prevention programmesThe use of fluoride varnish in inhibiting secondary carious lesionsWhat are fluoride toothpastes? engagement of fluoride toothpastes in clinical trialsHigh Fluoride toothpastesThe use of fluoride toothpastes in advanced enamel lesionsComparison of Toothpastes and VarnishesConclusionAcknowledgementsWord CountReferencesIntroductionI have refractory to carry out this report on fluoride as I realise the importance of its role in the prevention of tooth decay (dental cavity). Fluoride is a negative ion of the chemical element fluorine and is found naturally in wa ter, foods, soil, and minerals such as fluorite (calcium fluoride) and fluorapatite. Fluoride can also be synthesised in laboratories where it can be added to oral examination hygienics products and to water. Fluoride utilisation has occurred in two phases before water fluoridation in the 1950s and afterwards the widespread use of fluoridated dentifrices in the 1980s (Cury, Tenuta 2008) when less than 10% of toothpastes contained fluoride compared with 96% at present. Fluoride is or so effective post-eruptively (Oganessian, Lencova Broukal 2007) where the effects are generally topical and therefore, it is important for a unbroken fluoride concentration to be maintained in the oral environment. Topically applied fluoride provides high concentrations of fluoride to surfaces of the dentition. This provides a local protective effect and prevents ingestion of large amounts of fluoride. (Marinho et al. 2004)Deposition of fluoride in enamelDuring apatite crystal constitution, scurvy concentrations of fluoride are incorporated into the tooth structure. This leads to supersaturation with respect to fluoridated hydroxyapatite 66 ten Cate,J.M. 2008)Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2+ F-= Ca10(PO4)6(F)2 + 2OH-(Fluorapatite)After calcification is spot and prior to eruption, additional fluoride is taken up by the surface enamel. After eruption, the enamel continues to take up fluoride from its oral environment leading to its profound topical effects (Kidd 2005).What is tooth decay?It is important to consider the causes of tooth decay and how fluoride can be utilize to reverse the carious process. Dental Caries is a multifactorial disease caused by the action of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria (Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli (32 Featherst one and only(a),J.D. 2008) on fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose. Salivary glycoproteins form a pellicle on the tooth to which these bacteria attach to forming a pathogenic biofilm and over time, acid demineralisation and proteolytic d estruction of the perfect component of the enamel and dentine takes place (Young, Kutsch Whitehouse 2009).Dental Caries can be figureified in several ways consort to location-Caries whitethorn be restricted to pits and fissures but whitethorn also progress to expose the pulp.Restorative status of the tooth- Primary tooth decay occurs on previously unrestored teething whereas secondary cavity occurs at margins of restorations 52 Kidd,Edwina A.M. 2005. Secondary caries is caused by local factors that are involved in the formation of cariogenic plaque. Most secondary carious lesions develop at the gingival margins of restorations primarily in areas of stagnation areas (Mjr, 1998). Large gaps in the midst of the restoration and the wall of the cavity preparation can create an environment that favours secondary caries formation (Mjr, 1998). Secondary caries is also known as recurrent caries.Caries can be arrested whereby a lesion which was previously active has now halt progressi ng.Fluoride Mode of ActionFig 1 Demineralisation Process and the role of fluoride (Cury, Tenuta 2008)Figure one shows how sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose are born-again to acids in the plaque biofilm. When the pH change magnitudes below 5.5 (critical pH of enamel), the saliva is no longer supersaturated with calcium and phosphate. Therefore, demineralisation occurs. However, in the presence of fluoride and if the pH is higher than 4.5, hydroxyapatite is converted to fluorapatite which has a lower solubility. As a result, net demineralization is reduced and the dental hard tissues are more acid resistant. Tenuta and colleagues calculated that fluorapatite would not send away until the pH dropped below approximately 4.4. However, researchers have found that the effect of fluoride is not only referable to the decreased solubility but also due to the effect of fluoride on the rates of demineralisation and remineralisation (Stoodley et al. 2008).In secernate to enter ba cteria, fluoride must be combined with a hydrogen ion forming hydrogen fluoride (HF), which readily diffuses into the cell. Once in spite of appearance the bacterial cell, the HF dissociates into fluoride and hydrogen ions. The fluoride inhibits intracellular bacterial enzymes such as enolase. As a result, less phosphoenolpyruvate and lactate are formed. The reduced lactate formation limits the ability of bacteria to cause caries. Similarly, the uptake of glucose is also reduced by fluoride 63 Featherstone,J.D. September 2004.The fluoride concentration in saliva increases after brushing with a fluoride toothpaste. After three minutes, the concentration is 100 times greater than the baseline value ( frequently 0.03ppm or 1.6umol/l) 65 Murray, J.J 1991. Two hours later, the concentration returns to normal. It is important to avoid rinse off out the mouth as the virtually profound effects of fluoride are within two hours of brushing. Fluoride is spread throughout the oral cavity and is stored in compartments on the tooth surface and the remaining pellicle (Cury, Tenuta 2008). Calcium Fluoride globules are formed and are rootages of fluoride, releasing it as the pH falls, thereby, reducing time spent in the demineralisation phase. The main effects of fluoride can be attributed to the maintenance of constant fluoride levels in the biofilm.Overall, fluoride has multiple ways of reducing caries. It is believed that the most important of these methods is the remineralisation concept 40 Oganessian,E. 2007, which requires a constant descend of fluoride. Bacterial enzyme inhibition plays a supplementary role when the concentration of fluoride is high which is achieved by topical fluoride covers and toothpastes (Murray, Rugg-Gunn Jenkins 1991).Who is at risk of decay?There are certain gatherings in the population who are at risk of decay and therefore, would benefit from the use of fluoridated dentifrices. These include patients withXerostomia, which may have resu lted from the radiotherapy to the head or neck leading to salivary gland exposure. This leads to a decrease in both the resting and stimulated salivary flow rates. Xerostomia is defined as the complete absence of saliva or hyposalivation. Hyposalivation leads to decreased levels of calcium, phosphate and hydrogen bicarbonate ions. As a result, there is a longer demineralisation phaseSjgrens syndrome- this is clinically defined as at least two of kerataoconjuctivitis sicca, Xerostomia(dry mouth) and rheumatoid arthritis or another connective tissue disease 62 Newbrun,E. 1996A high relative relative incidence of caries in their primary dentitionHypersensitivityRoot cariesRemovable orthodontic appliances and partial denturesA poor diet and those who regularly snack on fermentable carbohydrates 37 Evans,R.W. 2008. However, this risk has decreased due to better plaque control and increased fluoride exposure.Multiple restorations suggesting a high prevalence of cariesOptimum fluoride co ncentration required for remineralisationBjarnason and Finnbogason (1991) found that fluoride levels in dentifrices had no effect on the progression of enamel lesions detected radiographically. However, a higher fluoride concentration (1000ppm F-) led to simplification in caries initiation compared to a dentifrice with a lower fluoride concentration (250ppm F-) 69 Bjarnason, S. 1991. It is ultimately difficult to decide the optimum fluoride concentration required for remineralisation as different areas of the mouth are more at risk of caries due to unique ecological factors. However, it was thought that lesion progression in enamel was slowed down only in patients with low caries activity whereas patients with high caries activity still experienced rapid progression (Hellwig, Lussi 2001).DMF IndexThe DMF index is a measure of caries activity in a population and changes in the DMF index can be used to highlight the protective effects of the fluoride toothpastes and varnishes (Kidd 2 005).D decayed teeth with untreated carious lesionsM missing teeth (extracted teeth)F make full teethDMFT denotes decayed, missing and filled teethDMFS denotes decayed, missing and filled surfaces in permanent teeth and therefore, the number of surfaces attacked on each tooth are accounted for.There are similar indices for deciduous tooth, which are the defs and deft scores. The e represents extracted teeth to differentiate(Johansen et al. 1987) between natural loss of teeth through exfoliation.Burt in 1998 suggested that greater emphasis has to be placed on the assessment and early diagnosis of caries 77 Burt, B.A. 1998. This has been backed up by cohort studies 83 Johansen, E. 1987 (Axelsson, Lindhe Nystrom 1991), which found that the use of preventive strategies (fluoride application) resulted in a substantial decrement in lesion teaching and progression.Fluoride varnishesWhat is fluoride varnish?Fluoride varnish was first developed in New York in 1968 by Heuser and Schmidt i n the form of sodium fluoride and was marketed under the name Duraphat. The Duraphat varnish contains 22,600 separate per million of fluoride (ppm F) as shown in figure 2. In the 1970s, there was a switch from sodium fluoride to difluorsilane which was marketed under the name Fluor Protector (7000ppm F) in Germany 42 Azarpazhooh,A. 2008.Fluoride VarnishType of fluorideFluoride Concentration(ppm)Fluoride Concentration(%)Duraphatsodium Fluoride22,6002.26DuraflorSodium Fluoride22,6002.26Fluor protectorDifluorsilane7,0000.70Fig 2 The table in a higher place shows the fluoride varnishes that are most commonly used.Other types of fluoride varnishes includeFluoride VarnishType of fluorideFluoride Concentration(ppm)Fluoride Concentration (%)LawefluorSodium Fluoride22,6002.2BifluoridSodium and Calcium Fluoride56,3005.6Fig 3 The table above shows other fluoride varnishes which are useable but are less commonly used 24 Davies,G.M. 2008.Most fluoride varnishes contain fluoride in an alcoholic solution of natural tree resin. The main usefulness of the varnish is that the resin base is very adherent to the tooth prolonging contact time between the fluoride and enamel 26 Miller,E.K. et al 2008. Varnishes are easy to apply and comparatively safe regardless of the high fluoride concentration as the amount of varnish applied to one child is only 0.5 ml on average (Ripa 1990 Petersson 1993). Varnishes are slow-releasing reservoirs of fluoride preventing immediate release of fluoride after application (Ogaard 1994). As a result, they are most effective at protecting against primary caries. The food and drug face centre in America has not yet accepted fluoride varnish as an anti-caries mover but considered it as a liner/desensitising agent (Mason 2005).There is some debate as to the amount of fluoride taken up by the tooth surfaces. It was found that approximately half of the fluoride taken up by well(p) surfaces from Fluor Protector varnish was lost after 6 months suggesting that the large amount of fluoride taken up after one week does not link up permanently to enamel and that the effects of fluoride are more short term. There has also been a debate over whether fluoride varnish should be applied to pixilated or dry surfaces. Koch et al found that the fluoride uptake was much greater when the varnish was applied to dry tooth surfaces (Koch, Hake crisphead lettuce Petersson 1988).Fluoride varnishes can be applied professionally up to two to quadruple times a year. Marinho et al in 2002 investigated the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing dental caries in children compared to a placebo or no treatment. Over 2700 systemically healthy children aged 16 or less authentic fluoride varnish containing 22,600ppm sodium fluoride. There was a large caries inhibiting effect on both permanent and deciduous dentition. However, the confidence intervals were relatively wide and the variation among the results was substantial. The success of the treat ment may have been over estimated, as the results of the few trials may not have been representative. As a result, it is important to carry out more trials before a definite statement can be do of the effects of the fluoride varnish (Marinho 2002). In addition, more information is required on the scale of the fluoride effect and the adverse effects of fluoride.Effect on the DMFT/dmftPrimary dentitionThere was a 33% decrease in the decayed, missing and filled surfaces (Marinho 2002). A two year randomised clinical trial carried out on children with a mean age of 1.8 years, found that the application of fluoride varnish once, twice and three times a year reduced the mean dmfs by 53%, 58% and 93% respectively 67 Davies,G.M. 2009. This highlights the importance of frequent varnish application.(Petersson, Twetman Pakhomov 1998)Petersson et al. in 1998 found a 19% and 25% step-down in the gain of approximal caries in children with a moderate or high caries risk respectively. This sh ows that children with a high caries risk benefit the most from the application of fluoride varnishes (Zimmer 2001).Ages 0-3Weintraub and colleagues carried out a two year randomised controlled trial on 376 children aged between 6-44 months (Weintraub et al. 2006). The children were split into three root wordsThose who veritable chargeThose who received counselling and the annual application of DuraphatThose who received counselling and the twice yearly application at six monthly intervalsThe number of lesions only increased in children who received counselling alone highlighting the protective effects of the varnish. Those children who received no varnish application were twice as likely of developing decay as those who received the annual application of fluoride. As the frequency of fluoride varnish application increased, the number of carious lesions decreased. One drawback of this trial was that simultaneous counselling and varnish application led to some ambiguity as to whet her the effects were due to varnish application or counselling although fluoride application was seen to play a key role.Ages 3-6According to the Cochrane Review, there was an overall 38% drop-off in the DMFS/dmfs (Marinho 2002). A two year randomised study of 1,275 children in Canada aged between 6 months and 5 years found that twice-yearly application of Durafluor led to an 18.3% reduction in the dmfs maturation (Lawrence et al. 2006).Mixed dentitionThere was on average a 46% decrease in dmfs. The fluoride varnish was an effective preventive measure for partially erupted permanent molars. Equally, patients who are insufficiently co-operative benefit from fluoride varnish application (Marinho 2002).Permanent dentitionA randomised clinical trial used to examine the impact of fluoride varnish on the incidence of approximal caries, detected radiographically in 13 year olds over a three year period, found that the varnish applied monthly and twice a year reduced caries by 76% and 57% respectively again highlighting the importance of frequent fluoride application67 Davies,G.M. 2009. The caries reduction in permanent teeth shown in the Cochrane examine of trials was similar to that achieved in a metaanalysis carried out by Helfenstein in 1994 when Duraphat was applied 2 times a year in children aged 9-15 years (Helfenstein, Steiner 1994). There was a 38% reduction in the caries. It is likely that most of the participants benefited from the use of a fluoridated dentifrice as the majority of the studies were carried out in Scandinavian countries between 1973 and 1987. However, as both the Cochrane review and the Helfenstien study were carried out involving a different selection criteria, it is debatable as to whether the results from both these trials can be compared.In conclusion, application of fluoride varnish two to four times a year on both permanent and deciduous teeth is associated with a reduction in the caries increment (Marinho 2002).The effect of fluori de varnish according to different caries risksMberg Skold carried out a trial which involved the application of fluoride varnish to approximal caries in adolescents living in different caries risk areas. The trial involved 758 students aged between 13 to16 years old. The large adjudicate size meant that the results of this study were representative. This is because as the sample size increases, the variability of the results decreases. This means that the results have a greater statistical power and smaller confidence intervals.Fig 4 (Azarpazhooh, Main 2008) The figure above shows the groups which were chosen according to their caries risk and whether they had any fluoride in their tap water.Duraphat was applied to the approximal surfaces from the distal surface of the canines to the mesial surface of the second molars. Each group had different intervals of application shown in the figure belowGroupNo. of participantsFrequency of Duraphat applicationOne190Twice yearly in six-monthl y intervals( 6 times in 3 years)Two186Three times a year with a one week period each year(9 times in 3 years)Three201Eight times a year during school terms with one month intervals( 24 times in 3 years)Four(Control)181No applicationFig 5 (Azarpazhooh, Main 2008) The frequency of Duraphat applicationThe results from this trial show that the biggest difference was between group one and the control group in high caries risk area (Gteborg). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding filled approximal lesions and approximal enamel lesions. There was a greater incidence of caries in the control group in comparison to the fluoride varnish groups in all risk areas highlighting the protective effects of the fluoride varnish (Mberg Skold et al. 2005).Overall, it was found that the school based monthly application of fluoride varnish is the best method of preventing approximal caries in areas of medium and high caries risk (Mberg Skold et al. 2005).School based p revention programmesA cluster randomised trial was carried out by M.C Hardman and colleagues involving 2,091 school children living in a non-fluoridated area. One group of students (1,025 students) received the twice-yearly application of Colgate Duraphat varnish whilst the other group (1,066 students) served as a control. This study found that the twice-yearly application of fluoride varnish did not lead to a reduction in caries in children living in the community 43 Hardman,M.C. 2007. This is contrary to what was found by Marinho and colleagues. They found that the biannual application of Duraphat in a school-based programme provided a caries inhibition of 38% in children aged 9-15 years (Marinho 2002). The study carried out by M.C Hardman and colleagues did not prove to be determinate as the level of consent in the community was low. Approximately 110 students were lost during the study. The control group had lower caries levels than anticipated and therefore, it was difficult t o insure the true effect of fluoride. In addition, the application of varnish was carried out under sub-optimal conditions (teeth could not be cleaned prior to application and the consumption of food and drink after application could not be controlled), which could have resulted in less profound effects. In conclusion, it was found that this type of fluoride varnish intervention is not effective in the prevention of caries in the public 43 Hardman,M.C. 2007.A similar study was carried in a small town located in the American Southwest on children attending a head start nursery using Duraflor as the varnish of choice. The trial began in the head start class of 2002. Duraflor was applied during well child visits every 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30 months. The class of 2003 had no fluoride application and therefore, served as the control. The mean age was 4.40 years and approximately 168 males and 189 females took part. The results showed that children who received no treatment had a mean d mfs of 23.6 with a 95% confidence interval. Those children who received 1-3 treatments had a similar dmfs to those with no treatment. Only those children who had 4 to 5 treatments showed a reduction in dmfs again suggesting the importance of frequent application. However, this study was an observational study not a randomised study and therefore, the reliability of the results can be questioned. In addition, no attempt was made to determine whether the children who received four or more applications of fluoride varnish differed from the other children in terms of diet and oral hygiene history 58 Holve,S. 2008..The use of fluoride varnish in inhibiting secondary carious lesionsAs mentioned earlier, secondary caries forms at the margins of restorations. Larger amounts of fluoride varnish may be trapped in the gap formed between the restoration and the cavity wall. This may serve as a slow releasing reservoir of fluoride, which could also provide a physical barrier against wall dissolu tion.In a study carried out by M. Fontana in 1996, two experiments were carried out. Experiment one involved the application of Duraflor. Experiment two involved the application of Duraphat a year after the application of Duraflor. The effects of fluoride varnish on secondary caries remineralisation and lesion progression were measured. The varnish was applied to dry tooth surfaces and rinsing after fluoride application was prevented to enhance the remineralisation potential. The varnish was applied for 24 hours to prolong the contact time between the varnish and the tooth surface. The results from these two experiments showed that fluoride application slowed down lesion progression around both amalgam and composite restorations 48 Fontana, M. 2002. The placebo varnish slowed down lesion progression to a lesser extent than the fluoride varnish suggesting that the effects may not only be attributed to the fluoride in the varnish.These results matched those in a previous study carried out by Hellwig et al. in 1993. They examined the effect of Duraphat varnish on artificially created primary carious lesions and found that fluoride varnish led to remineralisation in the outer layers of enamel 78 Hellwig, E.K. 1993. This slowed down lesion progression. Seppa suggested in 1988 that the benefits of fluoride varnish were attributed to their ability to enhance remineralisation of primary caries rather than their ability to increase the fluoride content of the tooth surface. This is contrary to what was previously thought that the effects of topical fluoride were due to their ability to maintain high levels of fluoride on the surface of the tooth. Seppa also found that the efficacy of the fluoride varnishes was dependent on the number of applications rather than the concentration of fluoride 79 Sepp, L. 1988. This backs up the results found by Marinho et al that showed that the more frequent the application, the lower the incidence of new caries or the greater the decre ase in mean dmfs/DMFS.Fluoride toothpasteWhat is fluoride toothpaste?Fluoride toothpaste is the most widely used method of fluoride application in the population due to its ease of use. Fluoride toothpastes can be incorporated into community and school based prevention programmes. Most oral health care workers recommend brushing twice a day, once just before going to bed, as this is when saliva flow is at its lowest and once at another time of day68 Davies,R.M. 2003. They recommend spitting out the toothpaste after use rather than rinsing as this dilutes the fluoride concentration in the oral cavity as previously mentioned. The widespread use of fluoride toothpastes had made it more difficult to distinguish whether a reduction in caries is due to mechanical plaque removal or due to the incorporation of fluoride.Before the widespread use of fluoride toothpastes, the importance of fluoride was illustrated in a three-year study. This study involved two groups of children aged 9 to 11 y ears who had benefited from supervised brushing either with or without fluoride toothpaste. Both groups showed a reduction in plaque and gingivitis but a significant reduction in caries was only seen in the group which used fluoridated toothpastes (Davies et al. 2003).A typical toothpaste contains abrasives such as calcium carbonates, which help to remove surface debris, and stains on the tooth surface. Most toothpastes contain fluoride (added to toothpastes in the 1970s) to make the tooth more resistant to acid attack and is one of the most recognised agents in toothpastes. Stannous fluoride (also known as tin fluoride) was the first fluoride to be used due to its compatibility with the abrasive, calcium phosphate. Sodium fluoride could not be used at first as the calcium in the abrasive renders it ineffective and therefore, is not compatible. Sodium Monofluorophosphate was next used as it was compatible with the abrasives used with it. Sodium Fluoride could only be used when hydra ted silica and sodium bicarbonate became the abrasive of choice. Studies have shown that the sodium bicarbonate-sodium fluoride combination lead to a caries reduction of one surface per child over two years (Murray, Rugg-Gunn Jenkins 1991).Fluorides have been shown to work better in combination with detergents such as sodium lauryl sulphates, which assistance the remineralisation process and create foaming whilst brushing. Toothpastes contain humectants such as glycerol, which prevent the loss of water in the toothpaste. To provide taste, saccharin and other sweeteners are added. To stabilise the toothpaste, node agents such as seaweed colloids are included to ensure that the toothpaste stays on the toothbrush when it is applied.The use of fluoride toothpastes in clinical trialsThe Cochrane review of trials found that children who used fluoridated toothpaste had few decayed,missing and filled permanent teeth after three years. Brushing twice a day helps to increase the benefit o f fluoride (Marinho et al. 2003 England).Researchers believe that the effects of fluoridated toothpastes are underestimated in two to three year trials due to the life long used of fluoride. They also found that the use of fluoride toothpastes in areas of fluoridated water increased the protective effects. The normal concentration of fluoride in toothpastes is between 1000 and 1100 parts per million (ppm F). Toothpastes with higher fluoride concentrations (1500ppm) and lower fluoride concentrations (500ppm) are available in many countries. Toothpastes containing higher fluoride concentrations state greater protection against caries (Stephen 1988 OMullane 1997).Since the 1940s, more than a 100 clinical trials have been carried out and by the late 1970s, the protective effects of fluoride toothpastes were greatly accepted. As a result, many clinical trials could not have a control, as the removal of fluoride toothpaste for the trial was considered unethical. Therefore, the effectiven ess of different concentrations of fluoride toothpastes have not been investigated extensively in placebo-controlled trails. The guidelines of caries trials have since been changed in order to combat this problem, by increasing the sample size so that the measurement error could be reduced (Marinho et al. 2003 England).Children or adolescents aged sixteen or less were chosen to take part in the study carried out by Marinho et al. To assess the effect of the fluoride toothpaste, the caries increment was measured as a change in the value of the DMFS Index, in all permanent teeth erupted at the start and erupting over the course of the study. exhibit from this study suggested that the use of fluoride toothpastes leads to a 24% decrease in dmfs. The confidence intervals for this reduction were 21-28%. This means that 1.6 children need to brush with fluoride toothpaste to prevent one decayed, missing or filled tooth surface in a population where the caries increment is 2.6 DMFS per year. Where the caries increment was lower (1.1 DMFS per year), 3.7 children needed to use a fluoride toothpaste in order to avoid one decayed, missing or filled tooth surface(Marinho et al. 2003 England). There was also a substantial reduction in caries increment (37%) of deciduous teeth in a trial carried out on 2008 children aged 6 to 9 years.Another aim of the Cochrane review (Marinho et al. 2003 England) was to establish whether there was any blood between the caries-preventive effects of fluoride toothpaste and the initial level of caries, previous exposure to fluoride and the frequency of fluoride toothpaste use on the prevented fraction. The prevented fraction (PF) is the proportion of disease occurrence in a population averted due to a protective risk factor or public health intervention (Gargiullo, Rothenberg Wilson 1995). The prevented fraction was measured as the diffe